It all started with Mike Peterson, a surfing enthusiast from California, whose quest for the absolute wave directed him to this sleepy beach town in El Salvador.
Bitcoin donation started it all in El Salvador. As he narrates it, he was carrying out a humanitarian job for young folks; this was when an unidentified American benefactor offered a donation of over $100,000.
The donation only had one deal: It would be sent in Bitcoin (BTC); shared directly to residents of El Zonte to kick-start a local bitcoin economy.
The sponsor, whom Peterson stated kept in touch with him through a broker; got his wealth while investing the cryptocurrency and believed it “was going to change the world.”
Two years later – El Zonte is known as Bitcoin Beach. One of the only locations in the world where folks can use a digital currency for everyday transactions such as shopping, groceries, and even paying their electric bill. Thus, the bitcoin frenzy has swept the nation.
Mentioning the town as encouragement, El Salvador President Nayib Bukele drove a law through congress this month that will make his nation the first in the world to adopt digital currency as legal tender. The law, which was outlined in part by the CEO of a bitcoin-based cash application, leaves the U.S. dollar as the nation’s other official currency.
By early September, Salvadorans will be required to settle their taxes using bitcoin. It will also be compulsory for local businesses to accept bitcoin for goods and services.
“If you go to a McDonald’s, they won’t be able to say, ‘We don’t accept bitcoin,'” Bukele stated in a recent online forum. “They have to accept it by law.”
Bukele, a 39-year-old Twitter idol with authoritarian dispositions who styles himself as a Silicon Valley-style breaker, is now a champion to crypto enthusiasts who consider his system as their opportunity to prove to the world that bitcoin can replace traditional money on a wide scale.
Bitcoin and Economy
However, analysts assert bitcoin’s extreme volatility could destroy El Salvador’s economy, further impoverishing communities already among the hemisphere’s most deficient. Skeptics also doubt the encouragements of those driving the bitcoin plan; several of whom apply the human rights wording in touting the “freedom” from global financial systems that cryptocurrency will bring, but who also has a direct financial interest in bitcoin’s acceptance.
“Bukele is helped by these bitcoin bros who are only interested in getting money from working-class Salvadorans,” said Ricardo Valencia, a communications professor at Cal State Fullerton and a native of El Salvador. “These rich Americans are going there and they’re changing the financial system just by having the ear of the president.”
As the activity carried out in El Zonte goes countrywide, there is both hope and fear.
“I don’t see how this can help people’s daily lives,” Valencia said. “I think it’s going to make more problems than solutions.”
The Bitcoin Donation
Local government units in the town of 3,000 were doubtful when Peterson explained the bitcoin gift.
“When I told them, ‘Hey, we’re going to start using this magic internet money and we’re going to get stores to accept it and we’re going to get people to start taking their salaries in it,’ they just kind of looked at me like, ‘Yeah, Mike,'” he said recently.
Peterson, 47, had moved his family to El Zonte in 2005. He wasn’t really a techy kind of person — he and his wife still own a franchise business back in San Diego. He from time to time depends on his two children to assist him to use his smartphone — but he had majored in economics in college, leaned Libertarian politically, and believed bitcoin was excellent.
He started charity work in El Zonte in large part because of his evangelical Christian faith. Now he felt like a bitcoin missionary.
He realized that older people’s eyes often glazed over when he tried to define bitcoin; a cryptocurrency that public exchanges without the involvement of governments or banks. But younger folks seemed to grasp it quickly.
Peterson put together a local team led by a 32-year-old surfer and community activist named Jorge Valenzuela. Their new organization, Bitcoin Beach; started to pay teenagers in bitcoin to work as lifeguards or pick up trash along the shore. In addition, it gave out bitcoin to students who earned good grades in school and to families weathering the pandemic.
Watching money pile up in an online account — and sometimes gain value with time; was a transformative experience for many in El Zonte, which does not have a bank, Valenzuela said.
“The traditional financial system has blocked them,” he said on a recent muggy morning. “Bitcoin is allowing young people to get in the habit of saving.”
He was ankle-deep in the ocean, dressed in board shorts and a Bitcoin Beach rash guard; helping give surf lessons to a group of local kids. “All of them have bitcoin,” he said.
If things went well, he said, they wouldn’t have to think about migrating one day to the United States like so many Salvadorans before them: “They now have a future to dream about.”
For Valenzuela and his team, the biggest challenge after giving out bitcoin was persuading local businesses to accept it.
“At the beginning I thought it was weird,” said Roxana Valles, the 42-year-old proprietor of a small beachside grocery store where a parrot named Bonito greets customers. “But it’s turned out to be a really nice experience.”
Customers can pay using a variety of smartphone apps created for small bitcoin transactions. For example, two of her brothers in the United States now use the technology to send home remittances; avoiding commissions of 10% or more charged by traditional money wiring services.
“You don’t have to go to Western Union or waste money on the fees,” she said.
Most considerably, she stated, bitcoin has allowed her to invest for the first time. In March, when the value of bitcoin soared, she made the equivalent of $500, money she cashed out into dollars put back into the store.
Bitcoin’s Side Effect
Construction worker Alfredo Amaya, who is supporting to build of a community center for Bitcoin Beach; is obliged to accept his weekly pay in the digital currency.
By early May, he had saved up the equivalent of $1,000, money the 60-year-old hoped to use for his retirement.
Then billionaire magnate Elon Musk declared that his Tesla electric car business would no longer accept bitcoin for the reason that the environmental toll of creating the token and processing transactions; an operation known as mining that eats up a tremendous volume of energy powering vast banks of computers around the world. For that reason, the bitcoin price dipped 35%, and Amaya witnessed a large portion of his savings dissolve overnight.
When he needed dollars for a recent emergency, he elected not to cash it out of his bitcoin account; hoping that they would eventually regain value if he left his reserves.
“If I take the money out, I lose it,” he cited. So rather, he got a cash loan from a friend.
Some people in town see bitcoin as similar to a game of chance or even gambling.
“It’s the devil’s money,” cited a restaurant owner who does not accept bitcoin and refused to provide her name out of fear of retaliation from the town’s bitcoin evangelists.
Estánislao Hércules, a 58-year-old pastor, is uncertain as well by the transformations.
His small, sky blue church sits next to the town’s bitcoin ATM, where people can convert bitcoin for real dollars for around a 5% fee. Since El Salvador’s government passed the bitcoin law; hundreds of people from other parts of the country have shown up, feeding greenbacks into the machine to buy bitcoin. At one point, the ATM stopped working, and a local woman started taking dollars on her own, charging an 8% commission.
Hércules grumbled about the time that a passenger paid his taxi driver son in bitcoin. By the time he converted it into dollars, it had depreciated to almost 50% of its value.
“They present it as a great marvel,” Hércules said. “But it’s a trick.”
The Meet-Up
As Bitcoin Beach has attracted more attention over the last year, cryptocurrency leaders have flocked here, recording podcasts, making documentaries, and talking in bitcoin jargon in the town’s sandy, narrow streets.
Arriving in late February was Jack Mallers, a 27-year-old who was born into the world of finance. His grandfather was chairman of the Chicago Board of Trade. His father, a futures broker, turned him on to bitcoin as a teenager.
Back in his hometown of Chicago, Mallers had founded Zap, a company that facilitates bitcoin payments. Now he had a plan for people who weren’t comfortable having their satoshis — as the smallest unit of bitcoin is known; exposed to the ups and downs of the market.
After surfing each morning at the beach’s spectacular point break, he would work on Strike. This Venmo-like application allows people to send bitcoin to each other; almost instantly and will enable them to freeze their money in a dollar amount.
Mallers was surprised when about a month into his trip, one of the president’s brothers and informal advisers, Yusef Bukele, reached out on Twitter.
They hit it off, both showing up in hoodies to their meeting, where they discussed everything from anime to the impact of central bank monetary inflation on El Salvador’s economy. Soon, Mallers said, the president’s team asked if he could help write a bill that would make bitcoin legal tender in the country.
After weeks of meetings, Mallers and President Bukele appeared together at a bitcoin conference in Miami on June 5.
“Yo, yo, are you guys ready for this?” began Mallers, pacing the stage in a trucker hat.
He teared up as he spoke about the poverty he saw in El Zonte and fired off an expletive-laced rant about money transfer services that take a sizable cut from remittances. “If you can fix the money,” he said, “you can fix the world.”
Then Bukele beamed in on a video screen. “We hope that this decision can help us push humanity at least a tiny bit into the right direction,” he said to roar applause.
A few days later, Bukele presented a two-page law to congress. It was approved in the wee hours of the following day; despite protest from opposition lawmakers who complained that there had been no honest debate or testimony from economic experts. The same day, Bukele changed his Twitter profile picture to one showing him with lasers coming out of his eyes, a meme used by bitcoin fans.
The law established a $150 million government trust fund that Bukele says will give Salvadorans the option to convert their bitcoin to dollars if they wish.
“They have to take the bitcoin, but they don’t have to take the risk,” Bukele said to a digital gathering of more than 20,000 bitcoin enthusiasts in a Twitter Spaces hangout.
He did not explain how the fund would be big enough; given that El Salvadorans in the United States send home $6 billion in remittances each year.
“We might earn some money or we might lose some money, but it doesn’t matter,” he said. “The purpose of the trust fund is not to make money but to support making bitcoin a legal tender.”
He mentioned the new law would build the country a magnet for digital currency investors; whom he has guaranteed immediate permanent residency and immunity from paying capital gains taxes. He has even volunteered the country’s scenic volcanos to the cause; citing crypto-investors can use the geothermal power they produce to power computers to mine bitcoin.
Alarms Set-Off
The whole point of bitcoin is to allow people to hold and move money outside of government regulation; in the early days of cryptocurrency; it was most associated with Silk Road, a site on the dark web used where people bought and sold drugs and guns.
That has raised concerns about corruption, with the Central American Institute for Fiscal Studies saying the plan will turn El Salvador into a “money laundering paradise.” It didn’t help that the day before the bitcoin announcement in Miami, Bukele, whose health and finance ministers have both been accused of graft, had pulled out of an anti-corruption accord with the Organization of American States.
Economists say the bitcoin plan could derail El Salvador’s negotiation of a more than $1 billion loan from the International Monetary Fund; which economists say will be necessary by the end of this year. Bukele’s liberal spending has left El Salvador nearly broke and at risk of default on its debt; 92% of the gross domestic product.
“If banks in El Salvador were holding large amounts of bitcoin and the price was fluctuating wildly, you could have banks having losses suddenly,” said Carlos de Sousa, an expert on emerging markets at Vontobel Asset Management, an investment firm in Switzerland.
Bitcoin Downside: It doesn’t provide credit like a bank.
“If you only have money, but no credit, then economic development becomes really difficult,” De Sousa stated.
Bukele is one of the world’s most prominent presidents; holding extraordinary approval ratings even as he has come under worldwide censure for his anti-democratic aims.
In February, Bukele’s party swept midterm elections. Then, on May 1, the day the country’s new legislature was sworn in, his followers moved to displace his critics on the Supreme Court and in the attorney general’s office; an illegal power grabs that political scientists have called a “self-coup.”
The locals supported him, stating such drives were essential to secure the country’s development.
But the bitcoin plan has triggered extensive fear.
Numerous folks in El Salvador had never heard of cryptocurrency before the president’s announcement, in English, in Miami. Instead, it caused memories of El Salvador’s bumpy transition from the colon to the dollar in 2000 — a resolution made in the middle of the night by congress that suddenly reduced people’s purchasing power.
“I’m worried the economy will crash,” mentioned Mario Avelar, 55, who runs a roadside restaurant high on a cliff overlooking the ocean a couple of miles north of El Zonte.
He doesn’t know how he’ll be able to contribute to the bitcoin system; there’s not a stable mobile phone signal at his place for online transactions. he was angry that the entire country’s monetary policy was about to change “on the whim of the president.”
“Whatever happens, we are the ones who are going to end up paying,” he said.
Like many people, he wonders who the original bitcoin donor was.
Peterson claimed he doesn’t know, though some have speculated that it might even be him. He also refused to say precisely how big the original gift was.
“Who was the donor?” Avelar asked. “How did this happen overnight?”
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